Signs and symptoms Vitamin Bcomplex deficiency / health benefit / vitamin B complex rich foods

B-complex vitamins, 8 water-soluble vitamins are excreted in urine and require repletion daily. The B vitamins are identified as follows: thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folate (B9), and cobalamin (B12). including major functions within the brain and nervous system Vitamin B complex may help prevent infections and help support or promote: • cell health • growth of red blood cells • energy levels • eyesight • brain function • digestion • appetite • proper nerve function • hormones and cholesterol production • cardiovascular health • muscle tone For those who pregnant B vitamins are especially important for those who are pregnant or breastfeeding. These vitamins aid in fetal brain development, and they reduce the risk of birth defects. Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Thiamine is found in most foods, though whole grains, pork, fish, and yeast are particularly rich sources. T f thiamine deficiency are seen mostly with alcoholism and comprise 2 syndromes: Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and beriberi. Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) Riboflavin is found naturally in eggs, dairy products, green vegetables, meat, mushrooms, and almond Riboflavin active forms are essential in synthesizing niacin, folic acid, vitamin B6, and all heme proteins. Riboflavin is rated as level B evidence for migraine headache prophylaxis deficiency, however, can lead to skin abnormalities, angular stomatitis, cheilosis, depression, fatigue, anemia, sore throat, hair loss, liver toxicity, and nervous system issues Vitamin B3 (Niacin) Niacin is found in animal and plant-based foods, including soy, nuts, seeds, legumes, and grains. Many grains, such as bread and cereals, and infant formulas are fortified with niacin needed for DNA repair and cholesterol synthesis Niacin deficiency Pellagra is characterized by “the 3 Ds”: dementia, diarrhea, and dermatitis Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid) fortified cereals, infant formulas, dried foods, mushrooms, eggs, fish, avocados, chicken, beef, pork, sunflower seeds, sweet potatoes, and lentils Pantothenic acid is essential in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A, cholesterol, fatty acids, and acetylcholine deficiency symptoms may include increased arthritic pain, fatigue, irritability, headaches, and gastrointestinal issues. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) Pyridoxine is found in beef, poultry, starchy vegetables, noncitrus fruits, and fortified cereals. 9 maintenance of normal levels of homocysteine, supporting immune function and brain health, and the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Pyridoxine deficiency dermatitis with cheilosis, glossitis, depression, confusion, and weakened immune function. Toxicity can lead to peripheral neuropathy; thus, the recommended upper limit is 100 mg/d. pyridoxine is in treating pregnancy-induced nausea and vomiting, as a monotherapy or in combination with doxylamine. Vitamin B7 (Biotin) Biotin is found naturally in organ meats, eggs, fish, seeds, soybeans, and nuts Biotin plays an essential role in gene regulation, cell signaling, and replication. It catalyzes the metabolism of fatty acids, glucose, and amino acids. 11 Biotin deficiency is associated with hair thinning, a scaly rash around the eyes, nose, mouth, and perineum, nail changes, skin infections, and neurologic symptoms such as ataxia, seizures, depression, lethargy, and paresthesia Vitamin B9 (Folate) Folate is present in plenty of foods, with the highest levels in dark green leafy vegetables, nuts, beans, dairy products, meat, poultry, grains, and brussels sprouts Deficiency can also cause oral ulcerations and changes in skin, hair, and fingernails. Maternal low folate levels during pregnancy increase the chance of congenital birth defects, including fetal neural tube defects, and congenital heart defects, in addition to low birth weight, preterm labor, and delayed fetal growth Concurrent B12 deficiency should be ruled out before repletion of folate to reverse the megaloblastic anemia. The dosage for women of childbearing age should be 0.4–0.8 mg/d, with an increased amount of 4 mg/d for those at high risk for neural tube defects (family history or previous pregnancy with a neural tube defect, Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin, Cyanocobalamin, Methylcobalamin) Because vitamin B12 contains the mineral cobalt, compounds with vitamin B12 activity are collectively called “cobalamins”Cobalamin is found in animal products and fortified foods. 14 Cobalamin is required for red blood cell production, neurologic function, and myelin synthesis. It serves as a cofactor in DNA and RNA synthesis as well as hormone, protein, and lipid synthesis and metabolism. Deficiency may present as megaloblastic anemia, fatigue, low appetite, and neuropsychiatric symptoms. If not treated, neuropsychiatric illness and irreversible neurologic damage occur.

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